The unseen

And i laugh in sacarsm when others start celebrate at the end of their last paper while i await the struggles i shall face because of the unseen.

Today was chem, phrased really difficult to understand but do-able, thank the lord.

And there was literature, with confusion at the start cos we were given the wrong paper. Anyway, satisfied with my essay ;D studying paid off, i wrote a two page and one quarter long essay with 5 core themes yay me :D accomplished.

Tomorrows the unseen. and im kinda scared. Who knows whats the diff between metaphor and simile? I know patsi goh went through this a million times (remember Bon jovi's what monday blue and diceee song?) but somehow they fail to remain in my head WHYYYYY .

Today went to Denice's house and crapped out. Wanted to watch moulin rogue but somehow we became too lazy and chose to stay in the aircon room instead hahahaha. Accompanied Denice to go cut her hair, omg cuteness overdose with her new bangs i tell you. She looks amazing :D

kayyys, BYEEEEE . wish me luck for tmr's unseen :)

Easter Drama :D

Oh, we saw THE samantha at pizzahut on saturday ^^

the one that got caught in between matt and reuben, just like in the play haha !

-Condensation reaction is a chemical reaction where two molecules combine together to form a larger molecule, with the removal of a water molecule.

-Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction where a water molecule breaks down a complex substance into simpler substances.

NUTRIENTS :

-Nutrients are important for living organisms because they are crucial to cell division, growth, metalbolism, repair and mantainence of health.

-Nutrients can be divided into two groups : ORGANIC which contain carbon, consist of the proteins,fats,carbohydrates and vitamins and the INORGANIC which does not contain carbon, consist of water and mineral salts.

CARBOHYDRATES :

- Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, where the ration of hydrogen to oxygen atoms will always be 2:1.

-Carbohydrates are good sources of energy, 1 gram of carbohydrates can provide an average of 16 KJ of energy.

-Carbohydrates can be divided into three groups : MONOSACCHARIDES (simple sugars), DISACCHARIDES (double sugars) and POLYSACCHARIDES (complex carbohydrates).

-Carbohydrates are used as substrates for the synthesis of other organic compounds, and also as substrates for respiration which provides energy for cellular activities. It is also a key component in supporting structures such as the cell wall and also a main component in nectar which is found in flowers. Carbohydrates are also needed for the synthesis of natural lubricants, e.g. mucus and for the synthesis of nucleic acids e.g. DNA.

-Monosaccharides can be split into three groups. First, Glucose which is found in all animals and in the laves of plants. Second is Frutose which is found in fruit and vegetables, honey and rarely found in animals. Lastly is Galactose which is found in mammalian milk, fruits and vegetables and the hydrolysis of lactose.

-Disaccharidess are also split into 3 groups. First is Maltose, which is formed by the condensation reaction of two glucose molecules, and found in sprouting grains and the hydrolysis of starch and glycerol in animals. Second is Sucrose, which is formed by the condensation reaction of one glucose molecule and one frutose molecule, and found in sugarcane stems, sweet fruits, storage roots and not found in mammals. Finally, there is Lactose which is formed by the condensation reaction of a glucose molecule and a Galactose molecule, and found in mammalian milk.

-Polysaccharides are split in three groups as well. First is starch, which is formed by thousands of glucose molecules arranged in long, straight or branched chains, and are produced and stored in plants. Secondly is Glycerol, which is made up of chains of glucose molecules that are highly branched, and are produced and stored in animals. Finally theres cellulose which are made up of staright chains of glucose molecules, arranged differently from starch, found in cell walls and fibre which is part of a mammal's diet.

-Sugars can be converted into other forms for storage. In plants, its is converted to starch and stored in leaves and storage organs. In animals, it is converted to either glycerol, which is stored in the liver and muscles, or to fats, which is stored around the abdomen or kidney, and under the skin. Starch and Glycerol are ideal storage materials as they are insouluble in water, which means that they wont affect the water potential of the cells. They are aslo easily hydrolysed to glucose. They are compressed molecules thus they take up less space and also they are large, and easy to retain in the cell as they are too large to pass through the cell membrane.

-Benedict solution is a blue solution containing copper (ii) sulphate which is used to test for reducing sugars. When boiled, the reducing sugars will reduce the copper (ii) in the benedicts solution to a precipitate of copper (i) oxide. If the solution turns from blue to green, there is a trace amt of reducing sugar. If the solution turns from bllue to yellow or orange precipitate, there is a moderate amt of reducing sugar. If the solution turns from blue to orange red or brick red precipitate, there is a large amt of reducing sugar.

-The iodine test is used to detect for the presence of Starch. Any substance containing starch will turn the iodine solution to a blue-black colour.

FATS :

-Fats are made up of oxygen, hydrogen and carbon.

-Fats are insouluble in water.

-Fats are synthesised by the body, but can also be obtained from the food we eat.

-A fat molecule is made up of a glycerol backbone with three fatty acid chains.

-Fats are good sources of energy; When burned, fats give out twice as much energy as carbohydrates.

-Fats can be split into two groups : SATURATED and UNSATURATED, which can be further divided into POLYUNSATURATED and MONOUNSTAURATED.

-Saturated fats have only carbon-hydrogen bonds, no carbon-carbon bonds, which means that one carbon atom is bonded to a maximum number if hydrogen atoms. The fatty acid chains are straight. They are solid in room temperature, serves as an energy reserve and also is usually found with carbohydrates. However, when taken excessively with carbohydrates, it might cause coronary heart disease or gallstones. Saturated fats are found in most animal sources, coconut milk, coconut oil, palm oils, Hydrogenated vegetable oils, dessert creamers and toppings.

-Monounsaturated fats have one carbon-carbon bond in a fatty acid unit. The fatty acid chains have one bent place, and is usually found in nut and vegetable oils.

-Polyunsaturated fats have more than one carbon -carbon bonding in he fatty acid unit, and the fatty acid chains have more than one bent place. It is liquid in room temperature, and serves as a energy reserve. It also helps reduce cholestrol levels in the blood. It is found in soybeans, grain/cereal products, fish, fish oil and seafood.

-Fats are used for energy storage and as a source of energy. Fats help reduce water loss at the skin surface, and is a solvent for fat soluble vitamins and vital substances. Fats is an important component in cell membranes and acts as an insulating layer to reduce heat loss.

-The emulsion test is used to test for fats. Ethanol and water is added fats and a white emulsion will form.

PROTEINS :

- Proteins are made up of oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and sometimes sulphur. Proteins are made up of amino acids.

-These amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds which will form polypeptides.

-These polypeptides will than join together forming longer chains of amino acids. One or more of these chains might fold together and form proteins, which have 3D structures.

-The proteins are held together by weak hydrogen bonds which can be easily overcome by heat or chemicals. Once these bonds are broken, the protien will denature.

-The sequence of amino acids are very specific; if the sequence change the shape and function of the protein will also change.

-Animal sources of protein include eggs, milk, meat and seafood. Plant sources include grains, nuts, soybeans, peas and beans.

-Proteins are used for the synthesis of antibodies to combat diseases and also for the synthesis of haemoglobin. Proteins are the main components in enzymes and several hormones and also used for the overall growth and repair of the body cells and tissue.

-The Biuret test is used to test for proteins. It is a blue solution containing sodium hydroxide and copper (ii) sulphate. The solution will turn violet if there are proteins and will turn pink if there are short chained polypeptides.

WATER :

-Water makes up 70% of our body mass.

-Water in animals is used as a way to regulate body heat through sweating, used as a solvent or a mediun for metabolic or chemical reactions, used in the hydrolysis of fats proteins and carbohydrates, transport dissolved substances within the body, and is the main component of protoplasm and body fluids.

-water in plants is a raw material for photosynthesis, helps gives plant cells their turgidity, and help plants keep upright. It also transports mineral salts from the roots to the leaves through the xylem, and food substances from the leaves to the other parts of the plants through the phleom.

-Water is lost in animals through breathing, sweating, shitting and urinating. In plants through transpiration.

-The amt of water needed is based on the environmental conditions, state of health and activity level.

AHHHHHH super long. it kinda works ya know revising everything on the blog ;D

biologicial molecules im finally done and so so so happy. YAY.

Today maths paper was freaking difficult idk about others but to me it is compared to last exam that mr chng set shitzzz why take mercy on me please.

I lost a freaky 13 marks ald due to questions i just skipped cos no matter how long i stared at them i couldnt seem to solve them, and im talking about you you merciless graphs. oh and one random area question.

Tomorrow's bio. imnotprepared im only stuck at carbohydrates but I SWEAR I WILL FINISH IT TODAY. I MUST AND I WILL. TAKE MERCY ON ME PLEASE YOUR HIGHNESS BIOLOGY.

kayys, byeeeeeeees.

Omgomgomg i cant believe THE KILLER SUBJECT is over : byebye history ! byebye stalin even though i still love you dont come back again :D

Only one more damn subject left : BIO. and i still cant find my freaking lit book.

Today : maths and Bio. jyjy hopefully i'll complete it HAHA .

today was spent randoming about in thompson plaza with elephants that sound suspiciously like yudas screaming and yummy lego blocks, not that they're edible or anything :( okay lame joke idk whats going on with me sleepy Zzz wakakaka.

kayyys, BYEEEEE !

Communism was introduced in the early 20th century by a german thinker namer Karl Marx. He thought that workers would rise up against the rich, overthrow the goverment and create a society where wealth was equally shared among the people. In 1898, the social democratic party was set up. In 1903, it split up into two groups : The bolsheviks and the mensheviks. The bolsheviks were led by lenin who wanted to seize power by force, while the mensheviks wanted to bring about a gradual change.

One reason for the rise of communism in russia would be because of the impacts of world war 1 and the fall of the Tsar. Most russians want ed the tsar to end the war because of poor living conditions. There was a food and coal shortage. Furthermore, the repeated defeats of the russian army demoralised them. The tsar was blamed for the poor performance of the russian army, especially after he decided to take direct command in 1915. The russian soldiers, who were poorly eqquiped and fed deserted, and the tsar lost respect. There was also a high demand for a fairer distribution of land and food. There were food shortages, which resulted in increasing food prices and this caused riots. The tsar soon steeped down as he did not have the support of his people or the army.

Another reason for the rise of communism was the failure of the provisional government, which replaced the tsar. The provisional government chose to keep russia in world war 1, which meant that the goverment used resources that could have been used to improve the lives of the russians. Furthermore, the russian soldiers were getting demoralised from the constant defeats and support for the bolsheviks soon grew. The provisional army failed to carry out land reforms as many members of the provisional government were rich landowners who either delayed or stopped the redistribution of land. This caused the peasants to riot and the government were unable to stop them. Lastly, the government also had to deal with the increasing influence of the soviets, who promised the russians what they wanted.

The third reason would be the 1917 revolution. In july 1917, the bolsheviks incited riots and the provisional government failed to arrest Lenin who fled to finland. General Kornilov of the russian army also tried to overthrow the provisional government. The government were unable to stop him and his troops and therefore turned to the bolsheviks for help. The bolsheviks were able to help the provisional government, hoewever this showed that the provisional goverment was weak and that the bolsheviks were the ones who held true power. In october 1917, the bolsheviks over threw the provisional government and a communist regime was established.

The last reason would be the Bolshevik's victory in the civil war. The bolsheviks still did not have the support of most of the russians, and fought a civil war with the social revolutionaries, the weaalthy landowners who lost their land, the army and navy officers who were against the terms of the treaty of Brest-litovsk, the monarchists and other conservatives. The red army was united and disciplined, however the enemies found difficulty in uniting their forces. After 3 years, the bolsheviks won and this led to the rise of communism in russia.

Im done with memorising history, finally. i feel so freakingly accomplished ;D

One reason why Stalin was able to rise to power was because of his advantageous position in the communist party. His role as Party Secretary was important beacuse it was a sign of lenin's favour. As party secretary, stalin had authority over more than 700 officials. He also controlled all party appointments, promotions and demotions. He also made sure that the local trade unions, coorperatives and army units were led by loyal communists, who were responsible to stalin in all cases. Even the secret police came under Stalin. Stalin's position allowed him to appoint his supporters to influential postions while Trotsky was busy fighting the civil war. Furthermore, Trotsky was considered complacent and arrogant because he only drew hiss supporters from a narrow base : The youths, the students and the red army. This caused Trotsky to not have much support from the party members.

Another reason why Stalin was able to rise to power was because of his easily understood political ideas. Stalin mantained that socialism was possible within one country. This meant that russia would be the world's shining example of socialism until a world revolution took place. Stalin was born into a lower class family, and thus he was able to relate to and understand the needs of the people. Furthermore, Stalin's idea of "socialism within one country" was more easily understood than Trotsky's idea of spreading communism to the other parts of the world. As more people were able to understand what Stalin was conveying, stalin was able to gain more support than his rival trotsky. Trotsky's idea also seemed to imply that russia would be involved in more fighting. The russians felt that stalin's idea was more practical and chose to support him instead.

The third reason for Stalin's rise to power was because of the development of the cult of Lenin. After Lenin's death, Stalin tried to show that he was close to lenin. This was because Lenin was a widely respected figure, and by doing so, Stalin hoped to gain the support of Lenin's supporters. Lenin's body was enbalmed and displayed. Stalin also presented himself as Chief mourner. This caused lenin's supporters to see stalin as a man who was true to lenin right until the end and stalin was able to gain support from them. Trotsky, on the other hand, was not evven present for Lenin's funeral as Stalin gave him the wrong date. Trotsky's absence from the funeral was deemed as an act of disrespect for lenin. This allowed Stalin to present himself in a more positive light than trotsky and he was able to gain the support he needed to rise to power.

Lastly, Stalin's political maneuvers allowed him to rise to power. Stalin made use of the rival groups in the party. He coorperated with Kamenev and Zinoviev to get rid of Trotsky. Once trotsky was removed, he joined with bukharin to get rid of kamenev and zinoviev. Stalin emphasized on the fact that they voted against the insurruction in 1917. Once they were dealt with, stalin went against bukharin. With trotsky exiled, lenin dead, kamenev, zinoviev and bukharin taken care of, stalin was now ready to take over the USSR. Eventually, there was no real challenge, and thus stalin was able to emerge as the unchallenged ruler of the USSR.

Purely from memory :D half an hour friday, half an hour today .

Everything except the name Bukharin which is totally ugh.